The University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Lab is now offering human rabies serology titer testing. The VMDL uses a rapid fluorescent foci inhibition test or RFFIT — a serum neutralization test that measures the ability of rabies specific antibodies to neutralize the rabies virus and prevent it from infecting cells. This identifies an individual’s rabies antibody titer, which is an estimation of an immune response against the rabies virus. These are used to check and monitor immunity from previously acquired rabies vaccinations for people at an elevated risk of rabies exposure.

Occupations that involve working with animals and wildlife, including animal control workers, veterinary professionals, bat biologists and wildlife conservationists, create a higher risk of rabies exposure. People traveling to rabies endemic areas, wildlife rehabilitators, and cavers may also be at an increased risk. Rabies expert Susan Moore, MS, PhD, associate clinical professor, section head of the Mizzou One Health-Rabies Laboratory, says people in these situations should get vaccinated and continue checking their titer.

“The rabies vaccine given for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) primes the immune system such that upon a recognized rabies exposure, the post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is shortened, and no rabies immunoglobulin is required,  creating a quicker and less expensive PEP,” said Moore. “In addition, PrEP may provide some protection from rabies for unrecognized exposures. For those at a particularly high risk of unusual or unrecognized exposure, rabies titer testing is recommended to assure a level of circulating rabies neutralizing antibodies is present.”

The human rabies serology titer testing is an extension of the testing that has been offered through the lab. Work to develop the rabies lab began in January 2022. It was completed after all equipment and certifications were obtained. “We started with an empty laboratory,” Moore said. “We ordered equipment and supplies, then wrote standard operating procedures, and created documentation processes to veterinary and human clinical laboratory quality assurance standards for accreditation in a One Health model. Next, we followed the standard operating procedures to qualify all the equipment and reagents. Once that was completed, we validated the international gold standard assays, RFFIT and FAVN. Included was ensuring that we had proper laboratory information system tools to enable receipt and processing of samples and reporting of results.”

Animal rabies serology for pet travel started in June 2023, followed by non-export rabies serology in September 2023.

Few laboratories in the United States offer rabies titer and serology testing, which can result in longer turnaround times. For people needing quick and efficient tests for travel or work, the wait time can be problematic. Moore says that while the lab is new, the team has established a method to work efficiently. “Our group has many years of experience that has allowed us to build around our accumulated knowledge,” Moore said. “Our process allows us to have a sustainable and short turnaround time, while maintaining high quality work.”

While vaccination and titer testing recommendations can be complex, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices updated its recommendations for rabies vaccinations in 2022. Moore says she participated in a CDC workgroup that helped develop these recommendations and emphasizes the importance of keeping up with rabies vaccination guidelines. “Those at higher risk of rabies exposure gain assurance of protection by adhering to the recommendations,” she said. “For a fatal disease, with no available treatment once symptoms appear, the importance of assurance is even greater.”

Those interested in submitting a sample for testing can find more information on the One Health-Rabies Laboratory webpage. (https://vmdl.missouri.edu/one-health-rabies/)

By Nick Childress

A mysterious or atypical canine infectious respiratory disease has been reported in 12 states across the United States. At present, we are not aware of any confirmed cases in Missouri. According to studies conducted in Oregon and New Hampshire, the causative agent could be a virus or a non-culturable bacterial species, similar to IOLA KY405, a bacterium associated with human respiratory disease reported in 2021.

The MU Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory conducts bacterial and fungal culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, as well as PCR for adenovirus, distemper virus, and influenza virus. When known bacterial, fungal, and viral agents cannot be detected, the VMDL can conduct metagenomic sequencing of clinical samples to investigate potential causes of the illness.

When you submit samples, please be sure to include several swabs from each canine patient to support bacteriology, PCR, virus isolation, and sequencing. We will use one swab for PCR and virus isolation, one swab for culture, and one swab for sequencing.

For PCR, virus isolation, and sequencing (two separate samples preferred): Swabs must be kept moist. Copan E-swabs with liquid media are acceptable, but gel swabs are not. Synthetic swabs in a red top tube with sterile saline may be used when E-swabs are not readily available. Swabs from multiple locations may be pooled together in the same tube (nasal cavity, oropharynx).

For bacteriology and mycology (one sample): nasal swabs in appropriate media (liquid Amies or equivalent) as well as other types of respiratory tract samples (transtracheal wash or bronchoalveolar lavage) may be used.

Sequencing and subsequent bioinformatic analysis takes one to two weeks. To help the veterinarians and owners of canine patients, the MU VMDL will not charge for sequencing and bioinformatic analysis related to atypical canine infectious respiratory disease. Clinics and owners will be responsible for the charges associated with routine testing for known infectious agents.

General questions regarding canine respiratory testing at the MU VMDL may be directed to Client Services Veterinarian Lauren Delaney, DVM, at 573-882-8367 or delaneyle@missouri.edu.

The One Health-Rabies Laboratory at the University of Missouri is recognized by the USDA to perform rabies serology for export for pet travel.

The Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory at the University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine has again received Level 1 status as awarded by the United States Department of Agriculture National Animal Health Laboratory Network. As a Level 1 lab, the VMDL works closely with producers, state and federal animal health officials, and other network laboratories to protect animal and public health through accurate and timely diagnosis and surveillance of foreign, emerging, and reemerging animal disease and zoonotic diseases. The VMDL initially achieved Level 1 status in 2018.

NAHLN is a nationally coordinated network and partnership of federal, state, and university-associated animal health laboratories. The network laboratories provide animal health diagnostic testing, methods research and development, and expertise for education and extension to detect biological threats to the nation’s animal agriculture, protecting animal health, public health, and the food supply.

The VMDL is Missouri’s only facility that is a Level 1 NAHLN laboratory, fully accredited by the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians (AAVLD), and a Tier 1 Laboratory of the Food and Drug Administration Veterinary Laboratory Investigation and Response Network.

“The VMDL is committed to protecting animal health, public health, food safety and food security, and promoting interstate commerce and global trade for animal agriculture,” said Shuping Zhang, PhD, MS, DACVM, director of the VMDL.

By Nick Childress